Scientists create artificial brain out of spongy goo | Science/AAAS | News

Scientists create artificial brain out of spongy goo | Science/AAAS | News: The rings are engineered to mimic the structure and function of the six layers of human cortical brain tissue. Scientists coaxed neurons (right) to grow around stiff, porous matrices made of silk proteins immersed in collagen gel. Then, they colored the layers with food dye and pieced them together like a jigsaw puzzle. By tweaking the size and orientation of matrix pores, researchers attempted to emulate variations of cellular structure and function in a real cortex. Unlike flat neuron cultures grown in petri dishes, the structure provides cells with something to cling to as they branch out and make connections, forming complex, 3D networks that more closely mimic real neural circuits, the authors say.

Muscle-powered bio-bots walk on command | News Bureau | University of Illinois

Muscle-powered bio-bots walk on command | News Bureau | University of Illinois: The new bio-bots are powered by a strip of skeletal muscle cells that can be triggered by an electric pulse...

“Skeletal muscles cells are very attractive because you can pace them using external signals,” Bashir said. “For example, you would use skeletal muscle when designing a device that you wanted to start functioning when it senses a chemical or when it received a certain signal. To us, it’s part of a design toolbox. We want to have different options that could be used by engineers to design these things.”

The design is inspired by the muscle-tendon-bone complex found in nature. There is a backbone of 3-D printed hydrogel, strong enough to give the bio-bot structure but flexible enough to bend like a joint. Two posts serve to anchor a strip of muscle to the backbone, like tendons attach muscle to bone, but the posts also act as feet for the bio-bot.

This Could Be the First Animal to Live Entirely Inside a Computer

This Could Be the First Animal to Live Entirely Inside a Computer: "Our project is to simulate as much of the important physics — or biophysics — of the C. elegans as we can, and then compare against measurements from real worms. When we say simulation, we are specifically referring to writing computer programs that use equations from physics that are applied to what we know about the worm..."

"We are currently addressing the challenge of closing the 'brain-behavior loop' in C. elegans," he says. "In other words, through this simulation we want to understand how its proto-brain controls its muscles to move its body around an environment, and then how the environment is interpreted by the proto-brain. That means leaving aside reproduction or digestion or other internal functions for now until that first part is complete. Once we get there, we will move on to these other aspects.

Meet The Physicist Who's Building Snake Robots | Popular Science

Meet The Physicist Who's Building Snake Robots | Popular Science: No one has ever studied the complexities of a sidewinder rattlesnake’s movement on sand, its natural substrate. In principle, you can understand how a hummingbird stays aloft or how a shark swims by solving fluid-dynamics equations. We don’t yet have fundamental equations for complex terrain—sand, leaf litter, tree bark. To figure that out, we built giant sandboxes that are equipped with high-speed cameras and can tilt to mimic dunes.

Robot elephant trunk learns motor skills like a baby - tech - 13 March 2014 - New Scientist

Robot elephant trunk learns motor skills like a baby - tech - 13 March 2014 - New Scientist: The design showed that a trunk formed of 3D-printed segments can be controlled by an array of pneumatic artificial muscles...

They used a process called "goal babbling"... the robot remembers what happens to the trunk's position when tiny changes are made to the pressure in the thin pneumatic tubes feeding the artificial muscles. This creates a map that relates the trunk's precise position to the pressures in each tube.

The trunk can now be manually forced into a series of positions and learn to adopt them on command...

IBM unveils concept for a future brain-inspired 3D computer | KurzweilAI

IBM unveils concept for a future brain-inspired 3D computer | KurzweilAI: IBM has unveiled a prototype of a new brain-inspired computer powered by what it calls “electronic blood,” BBC News reports.

The firm says it is learning from nature by building computers fueled and cooled by a liquid, like our minds...

Its new “redox flow” system pumps an electrolyte “blood” through a computer, carrying power in and taking heat out.

Robotics first: Engineering team makes artificial muscles that can lift loads 80 times their weight

Robotics first: Engineering team makes artificial muscles that can lift loads 80 times their weight; In order to achieve this, Dr Koh and his team have used polymers which could be stretched over 10 times their original length. Translated scientifically, this means that these muscles have a strain displacement of 1,000 per cent.

A Blind Robot That Navigates By Touch | Popular Science

A Blind Robot That Navigates By Touch | Popular Science: When a whisker touches something, it bends backward, pushing a magnet at its base. A magnetic sensor detects the displacement and sends it to Shrewbot’s computer processor. Shrewbot uses these touch signals to create a picture of its environment and distinguish shapes and textures.

Self-healing solar cells mimic leaves | KurzweilAI

Self-healing solar cells mimic leaves | KurzweilAI: These biomimetic (nature-mimicking) devices are a type of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). They are composed of a hydrogel (water-based gel) core, electrodes, and inexpensive, light-sensitive organic-dye molecules that capture light and generate electric current...

“Photovoltaic cells rendered ineffective by high intensities of ultraviolet rays were regenerated by pumping fresh dye into the channels while cycling the exhausted dye out of the cell. This process restores the device’s effectiveness in producing electricity over multiple cycles.”

IBM Scientists Show Blueprints for Brainlike Computing | MIT Technology Review

IBM Scientists Show Blueprints for Brainlike Computing | MIT Technology Review: Modha’s team has also developed software that runs on a conventional supercomputer but simulates the functioning of a massive network of neurosynaptic cores—with 100 trillion virtual synapses and two billion neurosynaptic cores.

Each core of the simulated neurosynaptic computer contains its own network of 256 “neurons,” which operate using a new mathematical model. In this model, the digital neurons mimic the independent nature of biological neurons, developing different response times and firing patterns in response to input from neighboring neurons.

“Programs” are written using special blueprints called corelets. Each corelet specifies the basic functioning of a network of neurosynaptic cores. Individual corelets can be linked into more and more complex structures—nested, Modha says, “like Russian dolls.”

What We Can Learn From the Quantum Calculations of Birds and Bacteria - Wired Science

What We Can Learn From the Quantum Calculations of Birds and Bacteria - Wired Science: We can now show that a single electronic excitation acting as a probability amplitude wave can simultaneously sample the various molecular paths connecting the antenna cells to the reaction center. The excitation effectively “picks” the most efficient route from leaf surface to sugar conversion site from a quantum menu of possible paths. This requires that all possible states of the traveling particle be superposed in a single, coherent quantum state for tens of femtoseconds.

We have seen this remarkable phenomenon in the green sulphur bacteria, but humans have not yet figured out how it is that nature can stabilize a coherent electronic quantum state in such complex systems for such long periods of time...

Remarkably, it seems that these photosynthesizing bacteria can actually use decoherence to speed up the transfer of electronic information by accessing vibrational energies in the protein bath surrounding the biological-quantum wire without losing the integrity of the information...

It seems that quantum mechanical processes in the avian eye send signals to the brain that are sensitively dependent on the angle of change in magnetic field inclination, thereby allowing the bird to map routes. The hypothesis is that pairs of light-absorbing molecules in the bird retina produce quantum mechanically entangled electrons whose quantum mechanical state depends on the angular inclination of the field and which catalyze chemical reactions that send differently valued signals to the brain depending upon the degree of inclination.

Team demonstrates gels that can be moved, controlled by light

Team demonstrates gels that can be moved, controlled by light: Using computer modeling, the Pitt team demonstrated that the gels "ran away" when exposed to the light, exhibiting direct, sustained motion. The team also factored in heat—combining the light and local variations in temperature to further control the samples' motions...

"Consider, for example, that you could take one sheet of hydrogel and, with the appropriate use of light, fashion it into a lens-shaped object, which could be used in optical applications", added Balazs.
The team also demonstrated that the gels could undergo dynamic reconfiguration, meaning that, with a different combination of lights, the gel could be used for another purpose.

A Mind-Blowing Dome Made by 6,500 Computer-Guided Silkworms | Wired Design | Wired.com

A Mind-Blowing Dome Made by 6,500 Computer-Guided Silkworms | Wired Design | Wired.com: An aluminum scaffold was constructed and a CNC robot was used to string a lattice of silk starter threads across it in patterns that would provide a base for the worms to operate. The aluminum and string frame was hung in an atrium at MIT and thousands of silkworms were released on it...
The project is a unique hybrid of structural and biological engineering. Using her custom-developed CAD tools, Oxman was able to control the material properties of the pavilion in much the same way an architect would specify a certain type of steel to use in a building. The density of the starter strings determined the opacity of a given panel. The structure’s integrity arose from their orientation. The output can’t be fully controlled, but the emergent behavior of the worms can lead to unexpected textures and features that would be impossible to plan.

It's Almost Impossible To Believe There's a Robot In This Suit and Not a Real Human

It's Almost Impossible To Believe There's a Robot In This Suit and Not a Real Human: And it's not just Petman's gait and movements that are incredibly realistic. The humanoid's artificial skin is designed to detect chemical leaks if a suit has failed, and is actually able to produce its own micro-climate to recreate hot and sweaty conditions.

Network of cell mimics comes to life

Network of cell mimics comes to life: Built with a custom-made 3-D printer by scientists at the University of Oxford in England, the “droplet network” comprises tens of thousands of tiny water droplets connected by lipid layers...
To create the squishy, raftlike networks, the printer squirts a layer of water droplets into an oily solution. Lipids in the oil gather around microscopic water droplets like a cell’s membrane...

Pneumatic Muscles Power Sinewy New Leopard Robot | Popular Science

Pneumatic Muscles Power Sinewy New Leopard Robot | Popular Science: But Pneupard's creators, a team of researchers from Osaka University in Japan, aren't looking to race against the DARPA cheetah. Instead, they hope to learn more about natural cheetahs' locomotive secrets, which in turn will help build more agile robots...

Pneupard is already able to handle unevenness on the road, which researchers demonstrated by slipping blocks of metal, wood and other materials under its feet as it strode along a treadmill...

3-D Printed Octopus Suckers Help Robots Stick | Octopus Chronicles, Scientific American Blog Network

3-D Printed Octopus Suckers Help Robots Stick | Octopus Chronicles, Scientific American Blog Network: Rather than attempt to replicate the octopus’s very keen sense and control, the researchers designed a self-sealing sucker. Still activated by a central vacuum, these suckers are outfitted with individual movable plugs. The plug automatically seals the suction cup closed if it is not touching anything, and it opens when the suction cup comes into contact with an object, allowing pump-driven suction to start. By focusing the suction action on only those cups that are in direct contact with the desired object, this approach also increases the pressure each of those active cups receives.

To get just the right combination of strength and precision, the researchers have been building their prototypes with the help of a multi-material 3-D printer.

New Scientist TV: Frankenoctopus unveils novel shape-shifting arms

New Scientist TV: Frankenoctopus unveils novel shape-shifting arms: The first prototype, currently on display at the Science Museum in London, has six silicone legs designed for locomotion, while two specialised arms use artificial muscles, motors and sensors to detect and grasp objects. A spring-like structure inside these tentacles, made from a shape-memory alloy, can expand, contract or bend in any direction with changes in temperature.

Cecilia Laschi of Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies in Pisa, Italy, and colleagues control their robot's behaviour via a centralised unit that mimics the central nervous system of an octopus.

Artificial Jellyfish Swims Like the Real Thing

Artificial Jellyfish Swims Like the Real Thing: The duo and their colleagues stenciled out the ideal jellyfish shape on silicone, a material that would be sturdy but flexible, much like the jellyfish itself. They then coached rat muscle cells to grow in parallel bands on the silicone and encased the cells with a stretchy material called elastomer. To get their artificial jellyfish, or medusoid, swimming, the researchers submerged it in a salty solution and ran an electric current through the water, jump-starting the rat cells. The mimic propelled itself rapidly in the water, swimming as effectively as a real jellyfish, the researchers report online today in Nature Biotechnology.

Man-made synthetic pores mimic important features of natural pores

Man-made synthetic pores mimic important features of natural pores: The pores the scientists built are permeable to potassium ions and water, but not to other ions such as sodium and lithium ions...

To create the synthetic pores, the researchers developed a method to force donut-shaped molecules called rigid macrocycles to pile on top of one another. The scientists then stitched these stacks of molecules together using hydrogen bonding. The resulting structure was a nanotube with a pore less than a nanometer in diameter. "This nanotube can be viewed as a stack of many, many rings," said Xiao Cheng Zeng, University of Nebraska-Lincoln Ameritas University Professor of Chemistry, and one of the study's senior authors. "The rings come together through a process called self-assembly, and it's very precise. It's the first synthetic nanotube that has a very uniform diameter. It's actually a sub-nanometer tube. It's about 8.8 angstroms."